英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記。

有名人說(shuō)：“讀書(shū)時(shí)，我愿在每一個(gè)美好思想的面前停留，就像在每一條真理面前停留一樣。”我們經(jīng)常需要讀大量有深度的書(shū)籍，比如經(jīng)典作品等，它是人類(lèi)知識(shí)的總結(jié)。而閱讀作者寫(xiě)的作品后，心中感觸頗多，讓人忍不住吐露出來(lái)，為了可以記住當(dāng)時(shí)讀完書(shū)后的所思所想，就必須寫(xiě)一篇讀書(shū)筆記，有沒(méi)有更好的辦法讓自己的讀書(shū)筆記有一定的深度呢？以下是小編為大家整理的“英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新模板12篇”，僅供大家參考，如果喜歡可以收藏！

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇1)

Let me tell what I feel after reading the great work Jane Erye.I was really move by Jane Erye after closing the book.What a kind and good woman!Mrs Eyre had a heart of gold.She really loved everyone around her,and gave others help sincerely.She respected herself and did her best to do everything.I really love her.She are both a great teacher and a good friend of mine.Sometimes when I am confuse,I will think of her.I will imagine what will she do if she is I.Why not read Jane Erye my friends!

讓我告訴你們我覺(jué)得閱讀后，偉大的工作，Jane Erye。我真的把Jane Erye關(guān)了這本書(shū)之后，什么樣的好女人！Eyre夫人有一顆金子般的心。她是真的愛(ài)她周?chē)拿恳粋€(gè)人，給別人幫助的真誠(chéng)。她尊重自己，盡力做好一切。我真的很愛(ài)她。她是一個(gè)偉大的老師和我的好朋友。有時(shí)我很困惑，我都會(huì)想起她，我會(huì)想象她會(huì)怎么做如果她是I.為什么不讀Jane Erye的書(shū)，我的朋友！

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇2)

The tale of two cities is a historical story， one of Dickens’ long fictions。The background to the novel is the revolution of France 。It portrayed a brutal and bloody story ， but it also contained love and friendship。

In the novel， Dickens sarcastically described a typical cruel nobleman—marquis of Evermonde 。 When he was young he and his brother stole a countrywoman by force and killed her family 。What’s worse ， he used his power to imprison Dr Manette ， a kind and honest man who knew all the things they had done and wanted to disclose their crimes 。 In order to hide their crimes。 Marquis of Evermonde and his brother threw Doctor Manette into prison for 18 years 。 During these 18 years，Doctor Manette lost his freedom and suffer a great in spirit 。

I felt unthinkable that Marquis of Evermonde and his brother killed people just as easily as they killed chickens。 They deprived other people’s freedom as they liked and they thought it was normal and unremarkable。 They had never realized that they had done something wrong or something improper。 Because their nature was cruel and evil， like demons。 There is an old saying which means: People who mit too many crimes will kill themselves。 After all， there is justice in the world。 The demons can’t be rampant forever。 Because the world will not forgive them。 They will pay their lives for their crimes。 Let’s see the consequence of the Marquis，’’He lay there like a stone with a knife pushed into his heart。” I think it was just what he ought to gain and it is a real exciting scene。

The Marquis’ death was just the beginning of people’s resistance to the nobleman。 Gradually more and more people joined in the revolution。 One after another nobleman were sentenced to death and their heads were cut down 。 However， some innocent people were implicated in the revolution。 Charles Darney was one of them He was the nephew of Marquis of Evermonde。 To the opposite of his uncle， Darney was a kind and independent young man。

Dickens spoke highly of kindness mercy and love in the novel too。 This is the other thone of the novel when Doctor Manette was released from prison。 It was his daughter Lucie who took care of him and helped him return to normal。 During this time， Dr manette and Lucie knew Charles Darney and Sydeny Carton， the two young man fell in love with Lucie at the same time 。 At last， Lucie married Chares Darney 。Dr Manette accepted Darney as his son-in-law although he knew that Darney was the nephew of the man who threw him into prison for18 years。 This is the love between father and daughter。 And Sydeny Carton ， the very great man ，loved Lucie deeply。 He promised Lucie that he would do everything for her happiness。 He did it truely ，he sacrificed himself instead of Darney who looked the same as him。 This is love for lovers 。 This is the most wonderful thing in the world。 It also reminds us that no matter how no matter when there is true love existing。 At the end ， Lucie， Dr Manette and Darney arri保護(hù)地球的標(biāo)語(yǔ)

ved in England safely。

The tale of two cities is different from other historical fictions。 Its characters and main plots are fictional under the real background of the revolution of France。 The author made the experience of the fictional charactor Dr Manette as the main clue。The plots are plicated， and they are flexuous and dramatic。 The structure is plete and rigorous。

Dickens had dear love and hate。 He praised those who ought to be praised and attacked those who ought to be attacked。 The motivation of the novel maybe just warn the English dominators。 But I think we can learn something meaningful from the tale of two cities。

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇3)

Hamlet " of Shakespear is a classical representative work. This book certainly does not have the big difference in the superficial plot with the historical fable, spoke or the Danish prince the story which revenged for the father, in which fills the rank smell of blood violence and dies.Just like the dramatis personae Horatio said: " you may hear to to rape massacre, the unusual repair behavior, the dark center decision, accidental slaughter, borrows the hand murder，

as well as falls into suicide result." Windingly elects the plot, tightly centers on the revenge to launch. Hamlet Wittenberg hurries back the home in a hurry from Germany, is attends his father's funeral,，enables him to accept, he not catches up with father's funeral, actually witnessed the mother and the Uncle Claudius' wedding ceremony, this had caused Hamm the Wright suspicion at the heart, added night above meets in the royal palace castle with father's ghost, the ghost sorrow sued, this pile atrocity was Uncle Hamlet the behavior, and wanted him to revenge for the this, he started the difficult revenge course, launched the life and death contest with Claudius. Finally, sent out sword the revenge to Claudius.

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇4)

在新課程改革實(shí)驗(yàn)不斷推進(jìn)的今天, 我認(rèn)為做一個(gè)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師決不能沒(méi)有激情, 不富有激情的人就不能稱(chēng)其為一個(gè)上乘的英語(yǔ)教師。那么, 如何使自己成為充滿(mǎn)激情的老師呢? 如何創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)積極互動(dòng)開(kāi)放的教學(xué)情境, 使英語(yǔ)教學(xué)事半功倍呢?

一、做一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)激情的英語(yǔ)教師

首先要熱愛(ài)生活、熱愛(ài)英語(yǔ)、熱愛(ài)學(xué)生, 在自己的心中時(shí)常蓄積著猶如巖漿般的滾燙的情, 讓每一個(gè)學(xué)生心底里沉淀的情發(fā)酵、釋放。在平時(shí)的交流中, 老師要讓學(xué)生感覺(jué)到我們同他們的關(guān)系十分重要。老師也許是喜歡學(xué)生的, 但可能所作所為卻恰恰相反, 如推遲上下課, 不重視學(xué)生的時(shí)間; 提供的材料不是太簡(jiǎn)單就是太難, 不能針對(duì)學(xué)生的實(shí)際能力; 不提供相互交往或討論的機(jī)會(huì), 無(wú)視學(xué)生的想法; 不考慮學(xué)生的安排、問(wèn)題或擔(dān)憂, 表現(xiàn)出對(duì)學(xué)生漠不關(guān)心; 不按時(shí)上班或抽空去看學(xué)生, 不尊重學(xué)生的需求, 尤其是他們課外的個(gè)人需求; 無(wú)節(jié)制的幽默或使用嘲諷的語(yǔ)句等。看不起學(xué)生或是使他們難為情可能使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的痛苦, 摧毀自信, 醞釀敵視。當(dāng)然我們熱愛(ài)學(xué)生, 就要在我們的行為中清清楚楚地表露出來(lái); 熱愛(ài)學(xué)生包括對(duì)他們的需求和興趣愛(ài)好的欣賞。這密切關(guān)系到我們了解學(xué)生如何學(xué)和他們需要什么幫助, 以便去鼓勵(lì)這種學(xué)習(xí), 也包括我們將其當(dāng)作學(xué)習(xí)者直接或間接的鼓勵(lì)。在課堂上就反映在我們自發(fā)的行為和對(duì)班上成員持續(xù)不斷的敏感程度之中。

二、要有幽默感

《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中指出:“學(xué)生只有對(duì)自己、對(duì)英語(yǔ)及其文化、對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有積極的情感, 才能保持英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力并取得成績(jī)。消極的情感不僅會(huì)影響英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的效果, 而且會(huì)影響學(xué)生的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展。因此, 在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)該自始至終關(guān)注學(xué)生的情感, 努力營(yíng)造寬松、民主、和諧的教學(xué)氛圍。戲劇大師莎士比亞也曾說(shuō):“幽默是風(fēng)趣和智慧的展現(xiàn)。”“幽默”一詞是英文humor的譯音, 它是一種個(gè)人獨(dú)特的氣質(zhì),它是一種高超的藝術(shù), 有聲的或者是無(wú)聲的。也有人說(shuō), 幽默既是一種語(yǔ)言藝術(shù), 又是一種行為特征。從心理學(xué)上講, 人們大都喜歡幽默的故事, 欣賞富有幽默感的人。因此, 一位英語(yǔ)教師有一份幽默, 在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用幽默, 能激發(fā)學(xué)生的情感, 引起他們的喜悅和歡樂(lè), 他們獲得精神上的享受和快感, 從而激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和學(xué)習(xí)主動(dòng)性, 幫助學(xué)生加深對(duì)知識(shí)的理解和記憶, 提高課堂教學(xué)效率。這樣教師的教學(xué)就有了個(gè)性魅力和智慧的光彩, 就能把一些抽象的、復(fù)雜的教學(xué)內(nèi)容, 以一種生動(dòng)而饒有興味的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái), 強(qiáng)烈地吸引學(xué)生的注意力, 降低教學(xué)難度, 進(jìn)而達(dá)到良好的教學(xué)效果。

三、營(yíng)造“激趣→創(chuàng)景→啟發(fā)→探求→交際”的教學(xué)互動(dòng)過(guò)程

傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué), 只重視英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的機(jī)械輸入和積累, 而忽視學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程的啟發(fā), 特別是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)等過(guò)程, 造成學(xué)生被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí), 課堂氣氛缺乏活力和生機(jī),師生之間缺少情感交流,無(wú)有效互動(dòng)。而新課改理論指導(dǎo)下的課堂教學(xué)則要求: 教師在組織課堂教學(xué)中, 不僅要有效靈活地傳授知識(shí)和技能, 同時(shí), 還要激活課堂氣氛, 調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣, 師生之間要進(jìn)行情感交流, 教學(xué)互動(dòng)。

四、教學(xué)要有智慧,

把握好英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)抒發(fā)激情的最佳時(shí)機(jī), 使英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)波瀾迭起, 收獲多多。高超的教育教學(xué)技巧, 駕輕就熟, 不落窠臼, 讓英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)永遠(yuǎn)保持一種清新的感覺(jué), 讓學(xué)生絲毫覺(jué)察不到教師人為的痕跡。我們必須深信自己的知識(shí)。英語(yǔ)教學(xué)并非單純機(jī)械的單詞和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)積累, 句型的操練和課文的講解, 而是開(kāi)啟學(xué)生獲取知識(shí)和能力的智慧天窗。在組織教學(xué)中, 教師要根據(jù)學(xué)生的心理欲望, 釋放出內(nèi)心的激情, 讓他們獨(dú)立地、創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題, 分析問(wèn)題, 解決問(wèn)題, 主動(dòng)積極地參與英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué), 輕松愉快地學(xué)習(xí)。而這一切是否能夠順利做到, 和老師運(yùn)用自身的熱情來(lái)調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生是有很大關(guān)系的。當(dāng)然, 只有激情也不行, 還要有寬容、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、沉穩(wěn)等素質(zhì),總而言之, 一個(gè)好的教師應(yīng)該是: 寬容中有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn), 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)中有幽默, 幽默中有沉穩(wěn), 沉穩(wěn)中有激情。激情是火, 可以點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生的求知欲望; 激情是露, 可以滋潤(rùn)學(xué)生干渴的心田; 激情如風(fēng), 可以吹皺學(xué)生平靜的心湖; 激情如雷, 可以震醒學(xué)生懵懂的迷夢(mèng)。讓我們激情飛揚(yáng)、締造輝煌! 當(dāng)我們走進(jìn)英語(yǔ)課堂, 我們的生命將充滿(mǎn)激情; 當(dāng)學(xué)生走出英語(yǔ)課堂, 他們的人生將更加輝煌!

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇5)

Jane Eyre was published in 1847 under the androgynous pseudonym of "Currer Bell." The publication was followed by widespread success. Utilizing two literary traditions, the Bildungsroman and the Gothic novel, Jane Eyre is a powerful narrative with profound themes concerning genders, family, passion, and identity. It is unambiguously one of the most celebrated novels in British literature.

Born in 1816, Charlotte Bronte was the third daughter of Patrick Bronte, an ambitious and intelligent clergyman. According to Newsman, all the Bronte children were unusually precocious and almost ferociously intelligent, and their informal and unorthodox educations under their father’s tutelage nurtured these traits. Patrick Bronte shared his interests in literature with his children, toward whom he behaved as though they were his intellectual equals. The Bronte children read voraciously. Charlotte’s imagination was especially fired by the poetry of Byron, whose brooding heroes served as the prototypes for characters in the Bronte’s juvenile writings as well as for such figures as Mr. Rochester in Jane Eyre (2)。 Bronte’s formal education was limited and sporadic – ten months at the age of 8 at Cowan Bridge Clergy Daughters’ School (the model for Lowood Institution in Jane Eyre)，eighteen months from the age of 14 at Roe Head School of Miss Margaret Wooler (the model for Ms. Temple) (Nestor 3-4)。According to Newman, Bronte then worked as a teacher at Roe Head for three years before going to work as a governess. Seeking an alternative way of earning money, Charlotte Bronte went to Brussels in 1842 to study French and German at the Pensionnat Heger, preparing herself to open a school at the parsonage. She seems to have fallen in love with her charismatic teacher, Constantin Heger. The experience seems on a probable source for a recurrent feature in Bronte’s fiction: “relationships in which the inflammatory spark of intellectual energy ignites an erotic attraction between a woman and a more socially powerful man” (Newman 6)。 The Brontes’ efforts to establish a school at the parsonage never got off the ground. Still seeking ways to make money, Charlotte published, with her sisters, the unsuccessful Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Her first effort to publish a novel, The Professor, was also unsuccessful. Jane Eyre, published in October 1847, however, was met with great enthusiasm and became one of the best sellers. As “Currer Bell” Bronte completed two more novels, Shirley and Villette. She married Reverend William Bell Nicholls in 1854 and died nine months later, at the age of thirty-nine in 1855 (Nestor 4-5)。

The story of Jane Eyre takes place in northern England in the early to mid-19th Century. (“Jane Eyre” 151) It starts as the ten-year-old Jane, a plain but unyielding child, is excluded by her Aunt Reed from the domestic circle around the hearth and bullied by her handsome but unpleasant cousins. Under the suggestion of Mr. Lloyd, an apothecary that sympathizes Jane, Mrs. Reed sends Jane to Lowood Institution operated by a hypocritical Evangelicalist, Mr. Brocklehurst, who chastises Jane in front of the class and calls her a liar. At Lowood, Jane befriends with Helen Burns, who helps the newly arrived Jane adjust to the austere

Jane Eyre在1847出版的“Currer Bell”筆名出版。”其次是廣泛的成功。利用兩種文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)成長(zhǎng)小說(shuō)與哥特小說(shuō)，Jane Eyre是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的敘事和深刻的主題涉及性別、家庭、激情、和身份。這無(wú)疑是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上最著名的小說(shuō)之一。

夏洛蒂·勃朗特出生于1816，是Patrick Bronte的第三個(gè)女兒，一個(gè)雄心勃勃、聰明的牧師。據(jù)新聞報(bào)道，勃朗特所有的孩子都異乎尋常的早熟，幾乎智力超群，他們的非正式的、非正統(tǒng)的父親的指導(dǎo)下教育培養(yǎng)這些特質(zhì)。Patrick Bronte和他的孩子們分享他對(duì)文學(xué)的興趣，他表現(xiàn)得好像是他的智力平等。勃朗特的孩子們?nèi)琊囁瓶实亻喿x。夏洛特的想象，尤其是拜倫的詩(shī)被解雇，其沉思的英雄為勃朗特的少年作品中人物的原型以及羅切斯特先生在Jane Eyre這樣的人物（2）。勃朗特的正規(guī)教育是有限的–十個(gè)月，8歲的女兒在考恩橋?qū)W校和神職人員散發(fā)性（在簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)寄宿學(xué)校的模型），在學(xué)校負(fù)責(zé)人羅伊Margaret Wooler小姐從14歲十八個(gè)月（坦普爾女士（Nestor模型）3-4）。根據(jù)Newman的說(shuō)法，勃朗特曾在獐頭三年的教師要做家庭教師之前。尋求另一種賺錢(qián)的方式，夏洛蒂·勃朗特去了布魯塞爾，1842在Pensionnat Heger學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)，準(zhǔn)備在牧師開(kāi)學(xué)校。她似乎愛(ài)上了她富有魅力的老師，Constantin Heger。經(jīng)驗(yàn)似乎對(duì)勃朗特小說(shuō)中的一個(gè)經(jīng)常性特征可能來(lái)源：”的關(guān)系中，知識(shí)能量的炎癥的火花點(diǎn)燃一個(gè)女人和一個(gè)社會(huì)更強(qiáng)大的人之間的性吸引力”（Newman，6）。Brontes努力在牧師建立學(xué)校從來(lái)沒(méi)有離開(kāi)地面。仍在尋找賺錢(qián)的途徑，夏洛特出版，與她的姐妹們，不成功的詩(shī)柯勒，埃利斯和阿克頓貝爾。她第一次發(fā)表小說(shuō)《教授》的努力也是失敗的。然而，1847年10月出版的Jane Eyre卻獲得了極大的熱情，成為暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)之一。“柯勒貝爾”勃朗特完成了兩部小說(shuō)，雪莉和特。她嫁給了威廉牧師尼科爾斯在1854個(gè)月和九個(gè)月后去世，三十九歲時(shí)在1855（Nestor 4-5）。

Jane Eyre的故事發(fā)生在19世紀(jì)中期至19世紀(jì)中葉的英國(guó)北部。（Jane Eyre）151）從十歲的簡(jiǎn)開(kāi)始，她是一個(gè)普通但倔強(qiáng)的孩子，被她的姨媽里德從家庭圈子里排除在外，被她英俊而討厭的堂兄弟們所欺負(fù)。勞埃德先生的建議下，一名藥劑師，同情簡(jiǎn)，列得太太把簡(jiǎn)寄宿學(xué)校的虛偽evangelicalist，經(jīng)營(yíng)的Brocklehurst先生，他譴責(zé)了簡(jiǎn)在全班面前罵她是騙子。在Lowood，簡(jiǎn)，海倫·彭斯，誰(shuí)幫助新來(lái)的簡(jiǎn)適應(yīng)嚴(yán)峻

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇6)

Several years ago, when I was a little girl I have already read the novel Jane Eyre. At that time, I was attracted by the touching story. But today, after watching the movie, I was moved by Jane, the adamant, independent, brave and honest girl. Why did we say Jane was an adamant and independent girl? Let’s look at her childhood. Her parents died when she was a little girl, so she was brought up by her aunt Mrs. Reed, an acute and ruthless woman. Jane led a very bad life in her house. They treated her as badly as a ragtag. But Jane didn’t surrender. Later, she was sent to Lowood school，an orphan school. In there she didn’t get what she had been expecting——simply being regarded as a common person, just the same as any other girl around. Mr. Brocklehurste even asked Jane to stand on the chair and vilipended her in front of all the students. But Jane didn’t yielded. And her only friend Helen died, Jane was very sad, but she was not depressive all the time. Instead, she studied and worked energetically. At last, she became a teacher of logwood, and later became the family teacher of Adele. From her experience, we could found that Jane was independent; she changed her fate by herself. She suffered more than other girls at her age. She was independent both in physically and mentally.

Jane was brave. She dared to say no to Mr. Brocklehurst, cut her beautiful hair with Helen, and pull the horse for Mr. Rochester. What’s more, she dared to accepted Mr. Rochester’s love and pursuit of her own happy life. Though she said:“ Do you think because I am poor, obscure, and little. I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you—-and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it was hard for you to leave me, as it is not for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh; it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as it both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet,。 In her opinion, everyone is the same at the God’s feet. God hadn’t given her beauty and wealth, but instead, God gave her a kind mind and a thinking brain. These words expressed complete1y Jane ’s rebellious spirit．She told him her own feeling, and emphasized that they were equal.

As we know, there was strict distinguish in social stratum at that time. Mr. Rochester was in the high society, but Jane was only a family teacher. They were in quite different social stratums. What’s worse, in that society，people’s sense of love was on the basis of money．For the sake of money they could marry anyone even though the husband or the wife was an idiot on their eyes，money was everything，money was marriage. But unfortunately Jane was very poor. That’s to say, Jane should receive much rumor from society. In fact, she didn’t afraid of it. On the contrary, she accepted with no hesitation. When she knew Rochester’s wife was dead and he was blind, she went to look after Rochester determinedly. She didn’t care about anything else. And I still remember at the party, all the people from the high society laughed at Jane, they looked down upon Jane. She kept silent though her heart was very exciting. And to their surprise, Miss Ingrain was proved to be a loser, Jane defeated her though Jane had no property and beauty．Jane’ s plainness， poverty, position and disposition were contrasted to Ingrain obviously．Jane drove away those aristocrats from competitive stage．High position and great wealth showed by noble class was put aside．Jane got glorious victory．

Jane was self-respected and self-love. When she knew Rochester had a mad wife and she was still alive. Jane left. She couldn’t bare an incomplete love. She left her lover Rochester with contradiction and pain. Though she still loved him very much. She chose another road, which was endless. She was kind and strict to the moral concept. She couldn’t accept herself do something against the morality. She was self-respect.

To sum up, Jane was a charming girl 。What she attracted us was not the beautiful face, lovely figure, and sweet voice 。But her brave heart, intelligent brain and adamant character. So we didn’t surprise that Mr. Rochester chose Jane as his bride instead of Miss Ingrain. Because Jane was much mature and richer in soul. As a girl, I should learn from Jane. Especially in the materialistic society we should be in charge of our own fate. Don’t depend on others all the time. We should be independent 。Don’t lead a luxurious life and in hope of marring a rich man, thinking that your husband would change your fate, your social position. That’s silly. We should realize that only depend on your own struggle then you could really charge your fate. What’s more, we need to be self-respect and self-love. As far as I am concerned, as a girl if you don’t respect and love yourself, so how do you require others to respect you? In short, we need to learn from Jane Eyre.

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇7)

The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingways most enduring in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.

Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel.

We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingways novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings. It’s really a good novel for people to read.

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇8)

Background of Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre is the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, an English woman author in 19th century. The works possess romanticism and realism. It is also thought that this book is author’s autobiography.

Introduction of Jane Eyre

Jane was a pure and thinkable woman, who lived in substrata of society and struck with life. But she was fractious and the sprite of perusing happiness. The works sing the love respecting each other and break away from conman customs and preoccupation. The most successful of this book is to figure a female image who dared to gainst and try for liberte and egalite.

Characteristics of characters

Jane Eyre was a born resister, whose parents went off when she was very young, and her aunt，the only relative she had，treated her as badly as a ragtag. She had a terrible childhood but it’s not affected her future because she is poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respecting girl.

Jane was also a thinkable woman in her love, she thought love is equal, free and respecting, so she gain a happy ending with beautiful personality.

My thoughts of Jane Eyre

Jane owns goodness for her lover, Rochester, who lost arms and eyes, and also for someone who had hurt her.

Jane owns pursuit for justice; it helps her to promote goodness on one side and check the badness on the other side.

Jane owns self-respect and clear situation on equality. Also her life experience is hardships, but she never underrates herself. She thinks everyone is the same. She has the right to gain happiness through hardworking.

Jane owns toughness, confidence and striving for life……

She is not beautiful and wealthy and very normal in conman’s mind. But in my opinion, the beauty on the face is not important than in the heart because the beauty of heart could live forever but not the beauty of face.

So, to me or to all girls in the world, we needn’t inferiority and complaint with ourselves if we don’t have beauty and wealth because the true happiness is not gained by the tow things. Actually, we should learn to be a person who is like Jane, how fearless woman.

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇9)

前段時(shí)間我讀了《小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的情趣教育》一文，收獲頗深。這篇文章貼于我的教學(xué)實(shí)際，對(duì)我的英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)有著指導(dǎo)意義。以前我對(duì)情趣教學(xué)的理解僅僅是教師在課堂上創(chuàng)設(shè)情境激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣，從未想到情趣教學(xué)有如此豐富的內(nèi)涵：情趣教育是教師用自己的教育和愛(ài)心喚起和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)和學(xué)科的一種積極情感；同時(shí)，又指對(duì)學(xué)生在主體參與學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中所蘊(yùn)含著的一種好奇、好問(wèn)、好學(xué)的求知熱情和探索精神，教師要給予肯定、尊重、愛(ài)護(hù)和引導(dǎo)。情趣教育不只是一種教學(xué)技巧上的追求，而是師生精神上的提升。因此，情趣教育的實(shí)質(zhì)是一種情感教育，是師生在教學(xué)過(guò)程中共同創(chuàng)造精神生命的活動(dòng)。它要求整個(gè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)不僅是一種語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)句的傳授和訓(xùn)練，而且是一種溫馨的情感交流、智慧潛能的開(kāi)發(fā)、社會(huì)性—交往能力的早期培養(yǎng)。情趣教育是情感的教育，英語(yǔ)教學(xué)是情感的交流。

在文中，談到情趣英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的一些教學(xué)原則：愉快性、活動(dòng)性、游戲性、開(kāi)放性、自主性和差異性原則。我在教學(xué)中也嘗試運(yùn)用這些原則。在愉快性原則中講到，教師要用一切可能的`方式激發(fā)學(xué)生的好奇心、求知欲和成就感。教師的責(zé)任就是要將兒童潛在的需要和興趣激發(fā)起來(lái)。對(duì)此我很有體會(huì)。學(xué)生不感興趣，被動(dòng)的接受很難與老師有真正情感的交流，更談不上感受快樂(lè)。形象、鮮明、生動(dòng)的事物極易吸引學(xué)生的注意力、激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和學(xué)習(xí)的積極主動(dòng)性。因此，我在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中重視鉆研教材，發(fā)掘教材中的情感和情趣因素，能夠根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)用不同的教學(xué)方法，根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)方法設(shè)計(jì)不同的教學(xué)活動(dòng)，根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)活動(dòng)制作不同的教具和道具、圖像和幻燈片，以精心組織和安排教學(xué)內(nèi)容，以滿(mǎn)足小學(xué)生尋求知識(shí)的心理需要。比如，在教學(xué)水果類(lèi)單詞時(shí)，我采用實(shí)物教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生，聞一聞，看一看，嘗一嘗。在教學(xué)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，我采用“全身動(dòng)作反應(yīng)法”讓學(xué)生做一做，猜一猜。在大量理解性聽(tīng)的輸入基礎(chǔ)上培養(yǎng)說(shuō)的表達(dá)能力，強(qiáng)調(diào)情意因素，降低了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的壓力，激發(fā)了學(xué)習(xí)興趣。教育心理學(xué)表明：當(dāng)教學(xué)能引起學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣時(shí)，就可以使在學(xué)習(xí)中集中注意，更好地感知、記憶、思維和想象，從而獲得較多、較牢固的知識(shí)與技能，并使他們覺(jué)得學(xué)習(xí)不是一件苦事或沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，表現(xiàn)出喜悅或求知欲望，從而體驗(yàn)到學(xué)習(xí)的樂(lè)趣。學(xué)生享受學(xué)習(xí)的樂(lè)趣是我們教師的責(zé)任。

文中還談到自主性原則，在這一原則中提到，學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言是學(xué)習(xí)的一種表達(dá)情感的方法，而外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)則涉及角色轉(zhuǎn)換等諸多的社會(huì)心理因素，有時(shí)甚至涉及個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)、自信和個(gè)性差異等眾多要素，這就要求教師心中時(shí)刻裝著學(xué)生，教學(xué)要以學(xué)生為本。無(wú)論在備課、在課堂教學(xué)、在課后批改學(xué)生的作業(yè)，教師都要考慮學(xué)生的心理需求，注意學(xué)生的表情和反應(yīng)，分析學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)的情況，安排和調(diào)整自己的教學(xué)方法和步驟以適應(yīng)學(xué)生的需要，并用學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果來(lái)檢查自己教學(xué)的成敗，反思自己的教學(xué)策略。教學(xué)過(guò)程是一個(gè)師生間信息傳遞和交流的雙向過(guò)程，同時(shí)也是情感交流的雙向過(guò)程。在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，多鼓勵(lì)、贊美學(xué)生，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生積極性的同時(shí)，培養(yǎng)他們對(duì)挫折的容忍能力，使學(xué)生快樂(lè)成長(zhǎng)。了解學(xué)生的感受，觀察學(xué)生的反應(yīng)，聆聽(tīng)學(xué)生的心得。我們要改變教學(xué)理念，提倡自主學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生獲得積極的情緒體驗(yàn)，要提倡以學(xué)生為中心，讓學(xué)生積極參與教學(xué)，成為英語(yǔ)課堂的主角。課堂上語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的過(guò)程要依靠學(xué)生自身的實(shí)踐來(lái)完成，教師只起引導(dǎo)和組織的作用。為使學(xué)生養(yǎng)成自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣，教師在課堂上要營(yíng)造適合學(xué)生交際的氛圍，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言的啟發(fā)與刺激，激發(fā)學(xué)生表達(dá)自己思想觀點(diǎn)的欲望，給予他們充分表現(xiàn)自己的機(jī)會(huì)。這樣，學(xué)生才能感受到自我提高和自我充實(shí)，并因此產(chǎn)生愉快、興奮、滿(mǎn)足、期待等情緒體驗(yàn)，才能與老師有溫馨平等的交流。

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇10)

《現(xiàn)代小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師素養(yǎng)》這是一本集小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師綜合教學(xué)技能指導(dǎo)的教材，課堂用 語(yǔ)篇針對(duì)英語(yǔ)教師語(yǔ)言基本功要求，編寫(xiě)了英語(yǔ)課堂常用語(yǔ)，如：課前準(zhǔn)，備，課中提問(wèn)， 教師指令、演示、評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言等，指導(dǎo)教師準(zhǔn)確并流利地運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)組織教學(xué)。在附錄部分還為 教師提供了幾百條與教學(xué)有關(guān)的校園用語(yǔ)，以便教師查閱。不失為教師的好幫手。

教學(xué)技能篇重點(diǎn)講述英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)方法，同時(shí)以案例為載體，幫助教師分析和反思 教學(xué)中的問(wèn)題。

文化素養(yǎng)篇以教師文化素養(yǎng)及跨文化交際能力的提升為目的，在篇中為學(xué)習(xí)者提供了大量 語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的文化背景知識(shí)及中西方價(jià)值觀、文化習(xí)俗的差異比較，從而加深教師對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家 文化知識(shí)的了解，在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中更加重視文化教學(xué)。

制作的資源及方法。

通過(guò)閱讀，我深深感受到作為一名小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師，僅具備專(zhuān)業(yè)方面的知識(shí)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。 小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育的重點(diǎn)是給孩子們提供一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)，打下較好的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，這包括了 學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng)和正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法的掌握。教師要有正確的教育思想；要掌握兒童教育心理 方面的知識(shí)；要研究和掌握英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一般規(guī)律和基本教學(xué)原則，熟悉小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的基本 方法，能以教學(xué)原則和方法來(lái)提高課堂教學(xué)的組織能力和實(shí)踐能力。

興趣是最好的老師，它對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)起著積極的推動(dòng)作用。有了興趣就有了一個(gè)自主學(xué)習(xí)英 語(yǔ)的動(dòng)機(jī)，小學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)機(jī)一旦被激發(fā)，就會(huì)用積極主動(dòng)的態(tài)度對(duì)英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和探 索，興趣也就越濃在遇到困難的情況下，會(huì)更有意志力。

教師不僅要有綜合的教學(xué)技能，還要有語(yǔ)言的示范能力。

教學(xué)技能是評(píng)價(jià)教師的核心技能，它是指教師如何教的技能，具體地說(shuō)就是指教師對(duì)教學(xué) 設(shè)計(jì)，課堂活動(dòng)實(shí)踐，課堂教學(xué)組織和在課內(nèi)外充分展示英語(yǔ)在交流中的工具性的能力。目 前小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材的內(nèi)容與學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活有密切聯(lián)系，主要是以趣味性最強(qiáng)的“情景會(huì) 話”為主。為了使學(xué)生能在真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中進(jìn)行實(shí)踐，克服母語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的干憂，教師 就必須具備，能唱、會(huì)畫(huà)、會(huì)制作、善表演、能組織課外活動(dòng)，能操作，使用現(xiàn)代教學(xué)設(shè)備 等技能。

教學(xué)生唱他們喜歡的英語(yǔ)歌曲，會(huì)畫(huà)形象的簡(jiǎn)筆畫(huà)，會(huì)制作美麗多樣的幻燈片，會(huì)以豐富 的表情，協(xié)調(diào)的動(dòng)作表達(dá)意義或有感情，會(huì)組織豐富多彩的活動(dòng)，能熟練運(yùn)用多媒體輔助教 學(xué)才能把學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣激發(fā)出來(lái)。有了興趣才會(huì)積極，只有積極了才會(huì)動(dòng)口，才能擺脫“啞 巴英語(yǔ)”的外號(hào)。

在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)既是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的目的，又是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)手段。要對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行 這幾方面的基本訓(xùn)練，教師要有過(guò)硬的基本功：

（1）教師的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，純正，流利；

（2）有一定的口語(yǔ)能力，能用簡(jiǎn)練、準(zhǔn)確的語(yǔ)言組織課堂教學(xué)；

（3）書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)合理，字跡工整規(guī)范。

一個(gè)小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師應(yīng)在教學(xué)工作中充滿(mǎn)生機(jī)和活力，富有創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和超前意識(shí)，對(duì)待教學(xué) 實(shí)踐中所遇到問(wèn)題應(yīng)經(jīng)常反思，并保持探索的習(xí)慣。創(chuàng)新在本質(zhì)上是一種超越，要越過(guò)傳統(tǒng) 和現(xiàn)實(shí)以及自我的障礙。教師如果富有創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和創(chuàng)新能力，能使學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造能力在潛移默 化中不斷提高。

小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師在教學(xué)過(guò)程中會(huì)遇到很多意想不到的問(wèn)題，

這就要求小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師進(jìn)行反思。

上完一節(jié)課后，靜靜地坐在辦公桌前，從容地整理自己的教學(xué)思路，反思自己的教學(xué)行為， 總結(jié)自己的教學(xué)得失，捕捉課堂教學(xué)的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，及時(shí)記下課堂中精彩的插曲或悠忽而至的 靈感。

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇11)

小學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記 《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指出：學(xué)生的發(fā)展是英語(yǔ)課程的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿。英語(yǔ)課程在目標(biāo)設(shè)定、教學(xué)過(guò)程、課程評(píng)價(jià)和教學(xué)資源的開(kāi)發(fā)等方面都要突出以學(xué)生為主體的思想。

筆者認(rèn)為，樹(shù)立“對(duì)話”意識(shí)，運(yùn)用新課程理念備好課是基礎(chǔ)和前提。

一、與教材對(duì)話：源于教材，高于教材

每一套教材都代表著某一種教學(xué)理念和實(shí)踐方法，教師在使用一套新教材之時(shí)，應(yīng)站在編者的角度鉆研全套教材，努力理解和領(lǐng)會(huì)教材編寫(xiě)者的教學(xué)思想和設(shè)計(jì)精神，把握教材的特點(diǎn)，使之在我們的教學(xué)中得以充分體現(xiàn)。與教材對(duì)話，首先要尊重教材，讀透教材;與教材對(duì)話，更要超越教材，走向生活。我們不妨嘗試“一課三案”：鉆研教材，獨(dú)立思考，形成“初案”;博采眾長(zhǎng)，融會(huì)貫通，寫(xiě)出“教案”;課后反思，精益求精，補(bǔ)充“另案”。

江蘇版的《牛津小學(xué)英語(yǔ)》教材按照話題——功能——結(jié)構(gòu)的體例編寫(xiě)，在備課時(shí)，我們可著力于話題生活化，功能結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)化。在“初案”中，我們應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)研讀教材，明確教學(xué)語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)境語(yǔ)言，把握關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句與困難語(yǔ)句;在“教案”形成階段，我們應(yīng)分析語(yǔ)用因素，結(jié)合師情學(xué)情，選擇設(shè)計(jì)各環(huán)節(jié)活動(dòng)：課后，結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)際再回頭看自己的教材解讀，及時(shí)補(bǔ)充“另案”必不可少。“另案”中，可以反思一節(jié)課對(duì)教材處理的成功之舉、敗筆之處、學(xué)生感受，當(dāng)然，對(duì)教材的“再教設(shè)計(jì)”是最終目的。我們對(duì)教材的研讀應(yīng)該追求從“有它無(wú)我”到“有它有我”，最后達(dá)到“有我無(wú)它”的灑脫境界。

二、與學(xué)生對(duì)話：關(guān)注學(xué)情，真心真意

學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主人，我們的“教”應(yīng)該為學(xué)生的“學(xué)”服務(wù)。在備課時(shí)，教師還應(yīng)該時(shí)時(shí)在心中與學(xué)生對(duì)話，在與學(xué)生充分對(duì)話的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的備課活動(dòng)才能真正體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)主體地位。

“你對(duì)這個(gè)話題了解了多少?”——牛津小學(xué)英語(yǔ)每一個(gè)單元都有一個(gè)話題。在我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)新單元的教學(xué)時(shí)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以提示我們尊重學(xué)生的已有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，關(guān)注學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)，在學(xué)生已知已會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)之上設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容，把屬于學(xué)生的時(shí)間還給學(xué)生。

“通過(guò)這節(jié)課你將學(xué)到什么?你是怎么學(xué)的?還可以學(xué)得更好嗎?”——新課程呼喚我們的教學(xué)從知識(shí)本位回歸到三維目標(biāo)。這一連串問(wèn)題指向的就是一節(jié)課中知識(shí)與技能、方法與過(guò)程、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀的目標(biāo)達(dá)成。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我們的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)一直比較關(guān)注學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的掌握情況，忽略了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的感受及體驗(yàn)。其實(shí)，真正的有效教學(xué)就是要讓學(xué)生從淺層次的“學(xué)會(huì)”上升到“會(huì)學(xué)”與“樂(lè)學(xué)”，這樣的學(xué)習(xí)才會(huì)讓學(xué)生的終身學(xué)習(xí)獲益。

在備課過(guò)程中，我們還要結(jié)合教材內(nèi)容。預(yù)設(shè)大量的與學(xué)生的對(duì)話。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，我們要注意與學(xué)生的對(duì)話交流必須付出真心真情。教師真心真意對(duì)待學(xué)生，才能讓孩子們之間真心真意，課堂才會(huì)真實(shí)。這些年的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐證明，我們已經(jīng)從期待表演的、熱鬧的、師生對(duì)答如流的課堂轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠诖鎸?shí)的課堂和真實(shí)的交流。真實(shí)的教學(xué)問(wèn)題、自然的教學(xué)過(guò)程、和諧的教學(xué)氛圍才能最大程度地促進(jìn)學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的形成。

三、與自己對(duì)話：勤于反思，勇于實(shí)踐

作為教師，我們是否有勇氣常常與自己對(duì)話，反思自己教學(xué)實(shí)踐過(guò)程中的不足并及時(shí)加以彌補(bǔ)呢?葉瀾先生曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“一個(gè)教師寫(xiě)一輩子教案不一定成為名師，如果一個(gè)教師寫(xiě)三年反思可能成為名師。”

英語(yǔ)讀書(shū)筆記最新(篇12)

Yesterday I read a book the name of the book is《Dr Bethune》。

Dr bethune was a famous doctor from canada.In 1938 he came to china.At that time china was at war with japan.He worked as a doctor in the chinese army and saved many soldiers’ lives.He worked very hard and became sick.Dr bethune died in 1939.He was only 49 years old. he was a good man and we remember him today.

I think the book is very very good!

These days I am busy preparing my dissertation which is about web usage mining.I read some English papers and learnt much from them.And now I want to say something about a paper titled “web usage mining：discovery and applications of usage patterns from web data”。

This is the first english paper I read about dissertation and gave me great help.

This paper is a review about web usage mining.It introduced web usage mining in detail.Although it is a little old for it was published in xx its contents are very useful today.It is organized according to the sequence of web usage mining and the six main parts are introduction which tells me what is web usage mining the sources and abstraction of web data the three steps of web usage mining taxonomy and project survey websift overview privacy issues.The third and fourth parts are most important.It had a list of existing project about web usage mining which I saw many times in other papers but this paper is the one creating this list.Besides it has been referred for more then twenty times.As we all know that the higher the referred number is the more important the paper is so i consider this paper to be an important and successful one in this region.

In my opinion the success of this paper dues to three reasons.The first reason is the profound computer knowledge owned by the authors.Web usage mining relates to many subjects such as artificial intelligence ontology semantic analysis but the most basic knowledge is computer science.The four authors are all professors of department of computer science and engineering in university of minnesota 。 for myself i am not major in computer science and i am not very good at computers so i feel a little difficult to understand technologies used in this region.

Second they had read a large number of papers before they wrote this paper.There are fifty nine references listed after main contents.“stand on the shoulders of giants” this sentence tell us a truth: one can never successful all by oneself.And what’s more learn from others can save a lot of time and energy especially for us new learner.How to learn from others is a skill all of us should master but learning doesn’t mean copy or people’s knowledge and production is just our foundation upon this foundation we must have our own thoughts and creation. there are many remarks in this paper where referred other’s production.

Third the authors had the experience of developing a web usage mining project.They don’t just engage in idle theorizing so their comprehension on this issue is greatly profound. they know what we may meet in a real project development and they know how to resolve them.After reading this paper i also read some other papers written in chinese 。 some of them are not based on real project and can not give useful resolution. websift is the name of system they developed which can be used to data mining and analysis 。

I wrote this article not only because it gave me much help in preparing my dissertation but also because it tells me how to study and how to do research 。 honesty and preciseness are two essential making a researcher must have.Hard-working is the necessary condition leading to success.This is just the beginning of my dissertation I should learn from these four authors both their knowledge and their attitude to study.